Diabetes Mellitus
Understanding Blood Sugar Disorders
Diabetes affects 537 million adults worldwide and is a leading cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke, and lower limb amputation.
Classification
Types of Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus encompasses several distinct conditions, each with unique causes, risk factors, and management approaches.
An autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Usually diagnosed in children and young adults.
Key Characteristics
- 1Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
- 2Requires lifelong insulin therapy
- 3Usually diagnosed before age 30
- 4Cannot be prevented currently
- 5Rapid onset of symptoms
Health Impacts
Complications of Diabetes
Uncontrolled diabetes can damage virtually every organ system. Early detection and proper management are critical to preventing these serious complications.
Diabetic Retinopathy
Damage to blood vessels in the retina that can lead to vision impairment and blindness if untreated.
Diabetic Nephropathy
Progressive kidney damage that can lead to kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplantation.
Diabetic Neuropathy
Nerve damage causing numbness, tingling, and pain, particularly in the feet and hands.
Cardiovascular Disease
Significantly increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.
Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Poor circulation and nerve damage can lead to foot injuries that heal slowly and may require amputation.
Cognitive Decline
Chronic high blood sugar is associated with increased risk of dementia and Alzheimer\'s disease.
Stay in Control
Self-Monitoring Essentials
Regular self-monitoring empowers you to manage diabetes effectively. These are the key tests and examinations every diabetic patient should follow.
Blood Glucose Testing
Regular finger-prick tests to measure current blood sugar levels. Essential for adjusting diet, activity, and medication.
HbA1c Testing
Measures average blood sugar over 2-3 months. Target is usually below 7% for most adults with diabetes.
Foot Examination
Daily inspection for cuts, blisters, redness, or swelling. Early detection prevents serious complications.
Blood Pressure Monitoring
Diabetes increases cardiovascular risk. Regular BP checks help prevent heart disease and stroke.
Eye Examinations
Dilated eye exams detect retinopathy early. Treatment can prevent 90% of diabetes-related vision loss.
Kidney Function Tests
Urine albumin and blood creatinine tests monitor kidney health and detect nephropathy early.
Target Blood Sugar Ranges
Living Well with Diabetes
Lifestyle Management
Effective diabetes management goes beyond medication. These lifestyle strategies are proven to improve blood sugar control and overall quality of life.
Balanced Nutrition
Focus on low glycemic index foods, controlled carbohydrate portions, and consistent meal timing to maintain stable blood sugar levels.
- Count carbohydrates at each meal
- Choose whole grains over refined
- Include lean protein with every meal
- Eat plenty of non-starchy vegetables
Physical Activity
Regular exercise improves insulin sensitivity, helps control weight, and reduces cardiovascular risk factors.
- Aim for 150 minutes weekly
- Include resistance training twice weekly
- Monitor blood sugar before and after exercise
- Stay hydrated during activity
Weight Management
Even modest weight loss of 5-7% can significantly improve blood sugar control and reduce medication needs.
- Set realistic weight goals
- Track food intake regularly
- Combine diet with exercise
- Seek professional guidance
Stress Reduction
Stress hormones directly raise blood sugar levels. Managing stress is crucial for diabetes control.
- Practice mindfulness meditation
- Maintain regular sleep schedule
- Engage in relaxing activities
- Build a strong support network
Take Charge of Your Diabetes Management
Our expert endocrinologists and diabetes educators are ready to create a personalized management plan tailored to your needs.